Jan 09
2010Many of the past improvements in disk-drive capacity have been a result of advances in the read-write head , which records data by altering the magnetic polarities of tiny areas, called domains (each domain representing one bit), in the storage medium. To retrieve that information, the head is positioned so that the magnetic states of the domains produce an electrical signal that can be interpreted as a string of 0’s and 1’s. Early products used heads made of ferrite, but beginning in 1979 silicon chip-building technology enabled the precise fabrication of thin-film heads. This new type of head was able to read and write bits in smaller domains. In the early 1990s thin-film heads themselves were displaced with the introduction of a revolutionary technology from IBM. The innovation, based on the magnetoresistive effect (first observed by Lord Kelvin in 1857), led to a major breakthrough in storage density. Rather than reading the varying magnetic field in a disk directly, a magnetoresistive head looks for minute changes in the electrical resistance of the overlying read element, which is influenced by that magnetic field. The greater sensitivity that results allows data-storing domains to be shrunk further. Although manufacturers continued to sell thin-film heads through 1996, magnetoresistive drives have come to dominate the market.


